The summer season is India

1. The summer season is India from the beginning of March and continues up to June. Up to February the rays of the sun are soothing and we like to bask in the sun. But in March the season changes. The Sun rays because hotter day by day and we begin to get perspiration. The entire earth becomes heated into his season.

2. In summer, the few hours of the morning ae pleasant. In March the sun does not become too hot before noon, but by April the sun becomes hot by 9 a.m.

3. The sun become very hot by noon in May and June and scorching winds also begin to blow. They it becomes very troublesome. People cannot come out of their homes and all work remains suspended till evening. They cannot work even inside their houses because of heat. Moreover, they do not feel energetic and a sort of dullness comes over them. They feel sleepy in the afternoon. They shut all doors and take rest in the coolest part of the building.

4. People do not get relief even in the evening and at night. They cannot sleep comfortably at night on account of heat.

5. Summer causes inconvenience in many other ways. The hot wind causes much thirst, but people cannot get cool water. Rivers and ponds dry up and cause scarcity of water. It adds to the difficulty of the people. Their throats and run from place to place in search of water. Many people, birds, and beasts die as a result of sunstrokes. Many fatal diseases, such as cholera, small-pox, etc. break out in the summer season.

6. People in towns have got many amenities which are not available to the villagers. Therefore, townsmen can reduce the discomforts of summer to a great extent, if they can afford to spend money. In towns, people get electric fan to cool them and ice of quench their thirst.

7. In spite of these disadvantages the farmers welcome the summer, because it brings the clouds which give them rain. Through we dislike the heat and dust of the summer; we await it anxiously because we get sweet mangoes during this season.

The moon : Natural Satellite of The Earth

1. The moon is the satellite of the earth. It moves round the earth. It shines at night by light reflected from the sun. It looks beautiful. The bright moonlight is very soothing. The earthly objects shine like silver in the moonlight. We are fascinated objects shine like silver in the moonlight. The earthly objects shine like silver in the moonlight. We are fascinated by the enchanting beauty of the moon.

2. The moon is not as beautiful as it looks. It seems to be lovely when it shines in the sky at night. As a matter of fact it is devoid of plants animals. The moon is not suitable place for plants and animals. Therefore, no form of life can be found on the moon. Human beings cannot live on the moon. Unlike the earth, the moon has got no atmosphere. Therefore, the lunar days are very hot and the lunar nights are intensely cold.

The moon looks beautiful from the earth but in fact it has a forbidding appearance. It is full of rocks and craters. When we look at the moon at night, we see some dark spots on it. These dark spots are dangerous rocks and craters. The gravitational pull of the moon is less than that of the earth. So , it is difficult to wlk on he surface of he moon.

3. The moon has fasicinated man since the beginning of his life on the earth. He has looked at it with wonder. Many poets have composed beautiful poems on the moon.Scientists tried to reavel the mystery of the moon. They wanted to send man to the moon. Several attempts were made to place man on the moon. Several attempts were made to place man on the moon, At lest two American --- Neil Armstrong and Edwin  Aldrin --- reached the moon on july 21, 1969. They walked on the surface of the earth safely. The American scientists have sent men to the moon several times. Now the moon has been several times. Now the moon has been conquered by man. It is no longer mysterious object. In future the journey to the moon may be safe and comfortable.

4. The Journy to the moon may be thrilling but it canot make our life on the earth happy. It is better to have a life on the earth tahan go the moon.

The Rainy season in India

1.       The Rainy season in India start in early July and continues up to September. It comes as a great relief to the world suffering from excessive heat and scorching rays of the sun. Birds, beasts, plants, and human being all welcome the rainy season, because it gives them the much-needed relief.

2.       When the rainy season starts, the sky is very often overcast with clouds and it presents a very beautiful scene. The clouds of different shades and colours move hither and thither in the sky and look very nice. Natural itself wears new apparel. The trees which shed their leaves in the summer come to have new leaves. New grass grows in the dry fields and they look like turf of green velvet. The wind blows away dust from the roads and they look neat and clean. When it drizzles for several days, the Kachcha roads, however, become muddy; Rivers, Ponds, and ditches are filled with water.

3.       The rainy season has both its advantages and disadvantages. Rain helps cultivation. Failure of rain causes famine and many people die. While it gives relief to the world suffering from heat, it also causes much inconvenience. People are confined to their houses and if they have to come out. They need umbrellas and water-proofs. The Kanhcha roads become muddy and it becomes difficult to walk on them. The rivers often overflow their banks and create much havoc. Too much of rain makes the roofs of houses leaky and the mud-built walls collapse and cause much damage to the household articles.

4.       Rain is a great boon to peasants. Without rain crops would not grow and agriculturists would be put too much loss. In India, agriculturists have to depend mainly on rain for cultivation and for the raising of crops on their lands.

The Diwali

1. The Diwali or the festival of lights is an important festival of the Hindus. It is held on the fifteenth day of Kartik.

2. On this day people clean their houses. All men, both rich and poor, get their houses whitewashed. In the night people illuminate their houses with small earthen lamps. Rows of small earthen lamps present a very beautiful sight. In big towns people illuminate their houses with electric bulbs instead of earthen lamps. It is the belief of some people that on the night of the Diwali, Goddess Lakshmi, who is the goddess of wealth, pays a visit to each house. She bestows her blessings on the houses which are neat and clean and turns her face against dirty houses. This is why everyday takes care to clean and decorate his house.

In the night people perform the Puja of the goddess and distribute sweets. In Bengal, Kali puja is performed on the night of the Diwali. Some people also indulge in gambling on this day. Boys purchase toys and feel very happy. They also make a display of fireworks.

3. There are many advantage of Diwali festival. On the occasion of this festival all the houses are repaired and cleaned at least once a year. The insects which gather round lights in the rainy season are destroyed and the light of Mustered oil makes the air pure. But there are disadvantage too. Many people lose much money in gambling and have to suffer in future. The fireworks also clause injuries to some people and houses too. It harms our environment.

An Indian Festival Durga Puja

1. The Durga Puja is an important festival of India. It takes place in the month of Ashwin from the first to tenth day of the bright fortnight. It is an occasion of great enthusiasm and festivity for the Hindus. On this occasion schools, colleges, and offices are closed for a long holiday. People return to their homes for celebrating the Puja.
2. The puja is celebrated for ten days, but the image is installed on the seventh day. During the last three days the Puja is celebrated with great pomp and gaiety. The Images are of different designs and sizes. They are dressed in fine clothes and decked with beautiful ornaments. Goddess Durga has ten arms in which she holds weapons. During the puja the poor are fed, alms are distributed and Prasad is distributed to the people.
3. The vijaya Dashami is considered to be an auspicious day. On this day people visit their relatives. The people of the trading classes begin their new year from this day. At some places Ramlila is staged and Ravan is killed on the Dashami day.
4. There are various stories connected with the vijaya Dashami. It is said that Ram killed Ravan on this day and performed the Puja of Goddess Durga. Since then it has been celebrated every year on this day. Another story is that one King Suratha performed the Puja on this day. The third is that Goddess Durga killed Mahishasur, a demon, on this day.
5. At some places the Durga Pja is performed twice in a year, in Ashwin and in Chait. The puja of Ashwin is known as Shardiya Puja and that of chait as Basanti Puja. But the Basanti Puja is not very common. In the Puja sacrifice of goats, rams, etc…, is made and those who eat meat take these as Prasad of goddess Durga. The Puja is happy time for all. People put on new clothes. The Joys of children know no bounds. The grown-up people also enjoy it merrily.

A Spring Festival (Holi)

1. India is a land of festivals. We celebrate our festivals with great enthusiasm. The festivals make us forget our cares and anxieties. They break the monotony of our everyday life. They provide great joy and fun. We celebrate the different festivals at different times. Holi perhaps the happiest festival of the Hindus. It is a spring festival. It is celebrated on the first day of Chaitra. It marks the beginning of the spring season. The beauty of nature makes this festival colourful. The lovely flowers with their dazzling colors and the sweet songs of the cuckoo provide a charming background to Holi.

2. The Holi celebrations begin on the last day of Phalgun. People collect sticks and straws lying in streets at a place. At night they gather at that place and set fire to the huge pile of sticks and straws. They sing songs to the accompaniment of drums. They are mad with joy. They break up when the fire fades out. They main celebration follows the next day. People are in a happy mood. They sprinkle colored water on one another. They colored water on the passers-by. Even the old people are mad with joy. All people are in a jolly mood. They forget social distinction. They mix with all freely. In our villages people move about with coloured water. They sing, dance, and jump about. They beat drums and sing loudly in a chorus. In the evening they visit their friends and neighbors.

3. Holi is an important festival of the Hindus. It is a festival of Joy. It gives us the message of friendship and goodwill. On this occasion we forget our old quarrels and mix with all freely. At least for one day we forget social distinctions completely. There is no difference between the rich and the poor. Holi gives us great joy. It is a happy occasion when forget our cares and anxieties.

4. Holi has got some evils. Many people get drunk on this day occasion. They indulge in rowdy behavior. Some people sing indecent songs and abuse women.

5. We should celebrate Holi in a decent way. WE must realize that it is a festival of joy and friendship. We should share our joy with others. We must no behave badly.

Aryans : Who and Where they came from?

The word Aryan is usually taken to mean a race but actually it is the name of a language than the people. Hence according to the famous German scholar Max Mueller the term Aryan meant language rather than race. The people who spoke this language came to be called Aryans. As there is a controversy about the location of the original home of the Aryans nothing can be said definitely about the same. The German scholar headed by Kossina placed the original home of the Aryans in the North European plain. The great Indian nationalist Tilak argued that the Aryan came from the North Pole. According to some the original home of the Aryans was Cappadocia while the famous scholar Brandenstein claimed the Ural Sea near Caspian as the original home of the Aryans. But responsible linguists and archaeologists have agreed in regarding the possible region of origin as relatively limited and lying somewhere between the Danube and Oxus. A few Indian scholars, however, advocated the views that the Aryans were the original inhabitants of India and the question of their migration to India naturally did not arise. In support of their views these scholars refer to Sapta Sindhu because the Aryans called Sapta Sindhu as their own country. Moreover, the Vedic literature did not mention any other country other than India. Thirdly, Rig Veda is the only extent literature of the Aryans, which is available only in India. Fourthly, while dealing with geographical locations the Vedas deal with the physical features of the Punjab and its adjoining areas. Hence these scholars suggest that the Aryans did not come to India from outside. They were rather the original settlers of India. Some Indian scholars notably Dr. B.K. Ghosh, refute the theory of Indian origin of the Aryans. At the same time scholars like Prof. Giles suggest the Austro-Hungarian Steppe as the original homeland of the Aryans. They left their home for some unknown reason and a section of them entered the modern Iran while the others came over to India. The Aryan invasion of India seems to synchronize with the destruction of Harappa about 1500 B.C. They at first entered north-west of India and later migrated into northern India through the passes of Hindukush Mountain. They settled in the Valley of Kabul River and the Punjab. However, the land of the Five Rivers did not fall into the hands of the immigrants without a deadly struggle. In fact, the dark-skinned dasyus or dasas who lived in fortified area put up a tough fight and this struggle with the non-Aryans gradually led to a considerable extension of Aryan domination towards the east. As a result, they gradually settled in the Ganges-Jamuna valley and in course of time they conquered the whole of northern India and called it Aryavarta.

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Dicipline

 Introduction

       To be guided by rules, to pay due regard to elders, and superior officers, to obey them and to behave in an orderly manner, all these come under the term discipline.

Necessary in every walk of life

Discipline is necessary in all walks of life. Whether at school or at home. In the office or in the factory, in the playground or in the battlefield, discipline is a necessary. Without discipline , there will be complete chaos and disorder. There will be no peace and progress. The very social structure will became Topsy-turvy.  This is why, so much stress is laid on discipline everywhere.

How necessary in every walk of life

In school , if the boys be indiscipline, it will be difficult for the teacher to manage the school. The boys themselves will learn nothing and the very purpose of education will be defeated. Similarly, if the subordinates do not obey their senior officers in offices and factories. It will became difficult to carry on the work of production and administration. Just imagine what will be the fate of a country if its public servants become indiscipline and all begin to work according to their own sweet will. Then, there will be no plan and no organization. Similarly, if the army and the police refuse to carry out the orders of their generals and commanders, the enemy and the hooligans will have no difficulty in establishing their sway in the country. Thus, an indiscipline nation cannot expect to remain independent even for a moment. Even in minor spheres, such as the home and the playground, people cannot do without discipline. If there be no discipline in the family, all the members of the family will go their own way. Then, there will be no peace and order in the family. In the playground, if the players do not obey the rules of the game and the decision of he referee, there can be no play.

Conclusion 

Discipline is a good thing and there is no evil in it. It builds character, develops strength and unity and fosters co-operation. It is, therefore, necessary, that boys should be taught discipline from their very childhood. It should never be overlooked. as it is the secret of success in life.

Essay on Dowry System in India

 Dowry System

Dowry refers to the valuables, money and other assets brought by the bride to her husband’s home on their marriage. Dowry system refers to the custom or cultural practice that involves giving away of a large sum of cash, property and other valuables at the time of marriage by the parents of the bride to the family of the groom.
“Gods reside there where women are worshiped”. Though we know from one ancient culture and quote the above quotation, but things are quote different in our society.

Introduction:

Dowry system is among the major social issues in India. The legislative measures against the system are in place. However, all these efforts have failed to effectively eradicate the social evil.
Women in India are great victims of dowry system in our society, the male-dominated society. Dowry is illegal only on paper, in judiciary, or in legislature benches. Practically the daughter-in-law is generally treated as the goose that lays the golden egg. Once they stop laying egg, they are tortured both mentally and physically. Also those victims are driven out to leave the house or commit suicide.

Status of women in the society:

Females in India are numerically fewer than the males. In practical field the plight of women in India is pitiable now-a-days. Girls and women constitute Indian’s largest oppressed section. Indeed they are some of the staunchest upholders in a family set-up where not only women but girls are expected to bear the entire domestic drudgery, perform most of the parental duties as mother and sacrifice themselves for the benefit of their offspring.

Dowry Laws:

Section 304-B of the Indian Penal code lays down that where the death of a women is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage, such death shall be ‘dowry death’, and such husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death.
It is very good that the law has been imposed to protect the victims of dowry system but in adequate practices strengthen the oppressors. As for the parents of the girl, their guilt in marrying off their girl child to a dowry-hunter and thereafter shut their eyes to the plight of their daughter in her husband’s home is not punishable in law to some extent.

But who is the main culprit and why Dowry practice is still prevailing in the Indian society?

From ancient time we are seeing that the Sita, the Savitris etc. of this country are brought up from their infancy as second rate citizens who are inferior to their brothers. Now-a-days we are also observing the same, the different status of boy and girl in a family. When a boy is playing with machinery toys, a girl is playing with house-hold utensils-toy. When the boy reads story books, plays cricket, the girl of the same parents assists her mother in house-hold works. When the boy thinks about his futures that he would be a doctor, or an engineer or a magistrate, the girl thinks that how will she is married, how will she look after her child and so on.
More than four decades have passed, but the position status of women remains in a stagnant position. It is that we had the great personalities like Raja Rammohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar who did enough for the sake of women. In present time the leaders often cry for the plight of women for their voting purpose only.

Dowry and marriage system:

It is a shame that reaching at modern age, the dowry system is still prevalent in our society. Like untouchability and caste system, dowry system is not only a mere evil but also a criminal offense.
The marriage contract today is entered into more autonomously by both men and women. The character of the marriage contract has changed even more than in outward from. The traditional marriage ceremony in civilization was based on the principle of male dominance and female obedience. But when the wife premises to ‘obey’ where this world remains in marriage ritual, she and her husband alike are aware of the ceremony is for the most part relic of the past. Choice of mate by mate and mutual determination of the relationship that hinds them have replaced the older external and one-sided control. In our male-dominated society, women basically depend on male-domination. They have an economic dependence on the male-spouse. From here dowry-system has come.

Solution for Dowry System:

To eliminate the dowry system people have to take massive steps against this system:

• illiteracy must be eradicated from our society;
•  female members of our society be treated as like male members. They are the part and parcel of our society;
•  destruction of daughter foetus in the mother womb immediately be stopped and accused must be punished;
•  the women are to be introduced in every field of work not only in the house-hold work;
•  education to be imparted equally to the female like male;
•  working opportunity is to be given the competent female candidate. If economically they are self-sufficient, the problem will be solved partly. Now-a-days unemployment problem is also a criterion to accelerate this curse;
• law related with marriage-contract must be amended and women have to give unconditional intention to marry like male. Their intentions have to be given great importance.
• Eighthly, it is to be granted by the parents that a daughter is equal to a son.

 She has same right as son. Moreover, the female has to be conscious about her rights, necessities and urgencies in this society. Only some reservation of seats in railways compartments and buses will not solve the problem of women. The women have to capture their rights forcefully uniting against their oppressors. Otherwise, the problems will remain in the same position as before and as present. 

Hostel Life

        Introduction 

         In schools and colleges many students some to read from far-off places. They cannot come from and go back to their homes daily. Hence, they live in hostels. Many students live in the hostel even though their homes not far-off. The reason is that in the hostel they get facilities for study.

Description 

         The Hostel life is very pleasant. Students live in their homes under the strict control of their parents and other elders. They cannot talk or move about freely. In the hostel they breathe for the first time an air of regulated freedom. They mix freely with one another.

                            In hostel life , the boarders get full opportunity for their mental and physical development.There are arrangements for physical exercises as well as  games and sports in the hostel. They have to live under a strict discipline. They have to obey the rules of the hostel.

                            There is superintendent in each hostel. He looks after the management of the hostel. He also looks after the health and conduct of the boarders. The boarders have to carry out his orders. The relationship between the boarders and the superintendent is generally very good. The superintendent looks upon the boarders as his own children . The students are required to read during the study-period. There are also debating societies and libraries in the hostel. The boarders borrow books from the library and read newspapers there. They also take part in debates , in this way , hey develop both their body and mind.

Advantage 

        There are many advantages of the hostel life. In a hostel , the boys get several facilities for study. They have to obey rules. So they learn discipline. They have to do every work at a fixed time. Thus they form regular habits. They treat one another as members of the same family. They learn to share each other's joys and sorrows. A hostel is an ideal place for character-building. It gives useful training for real life.

Disadvantage

        As there is nothing wholly good, so there are some defects in hostel life too. in a hostel, young boys and girls miss the loving care and fondness of their parents and other members of the family. Beside this, in a hostel, students often get very bad meals. The food is cooked by cooks and it is they who manage the mess. They buy cheap and bad stuff. They cannot prepare varieties as in our homes. 

Conclusion

        Yet, in spite of these small defects, the hostel life is really pleasant and ideal for students.